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The earliest inhabitants of the city were the Kasi Pashtuns, The first important incident of Quetta is from the 11th century when it was captured by Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi during his invasions of South Asia. By 31 May 1935 Quetta had developed into a bustling city with a number of multi-story buildings. The epicentre of a natural catastrophe, the Quetta Earthquake, on that day, was close to the city and destroyed most of the city’s infrastructure and killed an estimated 40,000 people.
During and after the independence movement of the Indian subcontinent the predominantly Muslim population of the region gave support to the Muslim League and the Pakistan Movement. On joining Pakistan, Quetta was made the capital city of the newly created province of Balochistan before it was combined with other princely states (Kalat, Makran, Lasbela and Kharan). In 1959 the provincial system was for 12 years abolished under Ayub Khan. After the 1971 war the provincial system was re-instated and so Quetta was once again made the Balochi capital.
Quetta has an area of 2,653 km2 (1,024 sq mi) and consists of series of small river valleys which act as a natural fort surrounded on all sides by hills; these are named Chiltan, Takatoo, Murdar and Zarghun. Although a mostly rocky landscape, there are few natural boundaries between Quetta and its adjoining districts of Dera Ismail Khan to the northeast, Dera Ghazi Khan and Sibi to the east, Sukkur and Jacobabad to the southeast, Karachi and Gawadar to the south and Ziarat to the northeast. The closest city is Kandahar in Afghanistan, north-west at the end of the N25 road. Three main roads gradually fan out to the south, the central route, the N25 leads via the city of Khuzdar to the coastal metropolis of Karachi.
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